Arylalkyl esters of 4-amino-6-(substituted phenyl)-picolinates and 6-amino-2-(substituted phenyl)-pyrimidinecarboxylates and their use as selective herbicides for crops

ABSTRACT

Arylalkyl esters of 4-aminopicolinic acids and 6-amino-4-pyrimidinecarboxylates are herbicides for control of weeds especially those species common to rice and wheat cropping systems and in pasture management programs.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. Non-Provisional applicationSer. No. 13/356,668 filed Jan. 24, 2012 which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/435,925 filed Jan. 25, 2011.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to certain novel esters of 4-amino-6-(substitutedphenyl)-picolinic acids and 6-amino-2-(substitutedphenyl)-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acids and to the use of these compoundsas herbicides for control of weeds especially those species common torice and wheat cropping systems and in pasture management programs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A number of picolinic acids and their pesticidal properties have beendescribed in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,137 B2 and U.S. Pat. No.7,314,849 B2 disclose a genus of 4-amino-6-arylpicolinic acids and theirderivatives and their use as selective herbicides, particularly for riceand cereals such as wheat and barley. WO 2005/063721 A1, WO 2007/082076A1, U.S. Pat. No. 7,863,220 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,907 B2, U.S. Pat.No. 7,642,220 B2, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,786,044 B2 disclose certain6-amino-2-substituted-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acids and their derivativesand their use as herbicides. It has now been discovered that certainesters of 4-amino-6-(substituted phenyl)picolinic acids and of6-amino-2-(substituted phenyl)-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acids can providesuperior weed control especially in rice and wheat cropping systems andin pasture management programs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Certain arylalkyl esters of 4-amino-6-(substituted phenyl)picolinicacids and of 6-amino-2-(substituted phenyl)-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acidsare superior herbicides with a broad spectrum of broadleaf, grass, andsedge weed control especially in rice and wheat cropping systems and inpasture management programs. The compounds further possess excellenttoxicological or environmental profiles.

The invention includes compounds of Formula IA:

wherein

Y represents C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or phenyl substituted with1-4 substituents independently selected from halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, cyano,nitro, NR¹R², or where two adjacent substituents are taken together as—O(CH₂)_(n)O— or —O(CH₂)_(n)— wherein n=1 or 2;

Z represents halogen, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, or C₂-C₄ alkenyl;

R¹ and R² independently represent H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ acyl;

R³ represents unsubstituted or substituted C₇-C₁₁ arylalkyl.

Preferred compounds include those in which Y represents substitutedphenyl, Z represents Cl, —CH═CH₂ or OCH₃, R¹ and R² represent H, R³represents unsubstituted or ortho-, meta-, or para-monosubstitutedbenzyl.

The invention also includes compounds of Formula IB:

wherein

X=H or F;

Y represents halogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or phenylsubstituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from halogen,C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, cyano, nitro, NR¹R², or where two adjacent substituents aretaken together as —O(CH₂)_(n)O— or —O(CH₂)_(n)— wherein n=1 or 2;

Z represents halogen or C₂-C₄ alkenyl;

R¹ and R² independently represent H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ acyl;

R³ represents unsubstituted or substituted C₇-C₁₁ arylalkyl.

Preferred compounds include those in which X represents H or F, Yrepresents substituted phenyl, Z represents C¹, R¹ and R² represent H,R³ represents unsubstituted or ortho-, meta-, or para-monosubstitutedbenzyl.

The invention includes herbicidal compositions comprising anherbicidally effective amount of a compound of Formula IA or IB in amixture with an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier. Theinvention also includes a method of use of the compounds andcompositions of the present invention to kill or control undesirablevegetation by application of an herbicidal amount of the compound to thevegetation or to the locus of the vegetation as well as to the soilprior to emergence of the vegetation or to the irrigation or floodwater, prior to, or after emergence. The invention further includes amethod for the selective postemergent control of undesirable vegetationin the presence of rice, wheat or forage, which comprises applying tosaid undesirable vegetation an herbicidally effective amount of acompound of the present invention. The invention also includes a methodof making the compounds of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The herbicidal compounds of the present invention are arylyalkyl estersof 4-amino-6-(substituted phenyl)picolinic acids and6-amino-2-(substituted phenyl)-4-pyrimidine-carboxylic acids and theirderivatives. The picolinic acids from which the esters of Formula IB arederived are a new class of compounds having herbicidal activity. Anumber of picolinic acid compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No.6,784,137 B2 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,849 B2, including inter alia,4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)picolinic acid,4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinicacid and 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinicacid. The pyrimidinecarboxylic acids from which the esters of Formula IAare derived are also a new class of compounds having herbicidalactivity. A number of pyrimidinecarboxylic acid compounds are describedin WO 2005/063721 A1, WO 2007/082076 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 7,863,220 B2,U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,907 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 7,642,220 B2, and U.S. Pat.No. 7,786,044 B2. These picolinic acids and pyrimidinecarboxylic acidscontrol annual grass weeds, broadleaf weeds, and sedges in rice andwheat, but arylalkyl esters of the present invention demonstrate greaterefficacy than the known esters, especially against weeds prominent inrice and wheat cropping systems and in pasture management programs.

Preferred ester groups are those which produce greater levels of weedcontrol than an acid equivalent rate of the methyl esters. Preferredester groups include the unsubstituted benzyl ester and ortho-, meta-,and para-monosubstituted benzyl esters.

The arylalkyl esters of the 6-amino-2-(substitutedphenyl)-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acids can be prepared by reacting thepyrimidinecarboxylic acid with an arylalkyl halide in the presence of abase.

The arylalkyl esters of the picolinic acids can be prepared by couplingof picolinic acid with an alcohol using any number of suitableactivating agents such as those used for peptide couplings such asdicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) or byreacting the corresponding acid with an appropriate arylalkyl alcohol inthe presence of an acid catalyst. Alternatively, the arylalkyl esterscan be prepared by reacting the picolinic acid with an arylalkyl halidein the presence of a base.

It is recognized that some reagents and reaction conditions disclosedherein or in the chemical literature for preparing compounds of FormulaIA or IB may not be compatible with certain functionalities present inthe intermediates. In these instances, the incorporation ofprotection/deprotection sequences or functional group interconversionsinto the synthesis will aid in obtaining the desired products. The useand choice of the protecting groups will be apparent to one skilled inchemical synthesis.

The terms “alkyl,” “alkenyl” and “alkynyl,” as well as derivative termssuch as “alkoxy,” “acyl” and “alkylthio,” as used herein, include withintheir scope straight chain and branched chain moieties. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise, each may be unsubstituted or substitutedwith one or more substituents selected from but not limited to halogen,alkoxy, alkylthio, or aminoalkyl, provided that the substituents aresterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strainenergy are satisfied. The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” are intended toinclude one or more unsaturated bonds.

The term “arylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to a phenyl substitutedalkyl group having a total of 7 to 11 carbon atoms, such as benzyl(—CH₂C₆H₅), 2-methylnaphthyl (—CH₂C₁₀H₇) and 1- or 2-phenethyl(—CH₂CH₂C₆H₅ or —CH(CH₃)C₆H₅). The phenyl group may itself beunsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy,halogenated C₁-C₆ alkyl, halogenated C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio,C(O)OC₁-C₆alkyl, or where two adjacent substituents are taken togetheras —O(CH₂)_(n)O— wherein n=1 or 2, provided that the substituents aresterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strainenergy are satisfied.

Unless specifically limited otherwise, the term halogen includesfluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The compounds of Formula IA or IB have been found to be useful aspre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides for rice and cerealscropping systems and for pasture management programs. The term herbicideis used herein to mean an active ingredient that kills, controls orotherwise adversely modifies the growth of plants. An herbicidallyeffective or vegetation controlling amount is an amount of activeingredient which causes an adversely modifying effect and includesdeviations from natural development, killing, regulation, desiccation,retardation, and the like. The terms plants and vegetation includegerminating seeds, emerging seedlings, above and below ground plantparts such as shoots, roots, tubers, rhizomes and the like, andestablished vegetation.

Herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compounds of the presentinvention when they are applied directly to the plant or to the locus ofthe plant at any stage of growth or before planting or emergence. Theeffect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, thestage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution andspray drop size, the particle size of solid components, theenvironmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compoundemployed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type,water quality, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied.These and other factors can be adjusted as is known in the art topromote selective herbicidal action. Generally, it is preferred to applythe compounds of Formula IA or IB postemergence via spray or waterapplication to relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve themaximum control of weeds.

Application rates of about 1 to about 500 grams per hectare (g/ha) aregenerally employed in foliar-applied and water-applied postemergenceoperations. Preferred application rates are 10 to about 300 g/ha. Forpreemergence applications, rates of about 5 to about 500 g/ha aregenerally employed. Preferred application rates are 30 to about 300g/ha. The higher rates designated generally give non-selective controlof a broad variety of undesirable vegetation. The lower rates typicallygive selective control and can be employed in the locus of crops.

The herbicidal compounds of the present invention are often applied inconjunction with one or more other herbicides to control a wider varietyof undesirable vegetation. When used in conjunction with otherherbicides, the presently claimed compounds can be formulated with theother herbicide or herbicides, tank mixed with the other herbicide orherbicides or applied sequentially with the other herbicide orherbicides. Some of the herbicides that can be employed in conjunctionwith the compounds of the present invention include: 2,4-D salts, estersand amines, acetochlor, acifluorfen, alachlor, amidosulfuron,aminopyralid, aminotriazole, ammonium thiocyanate, anilifos, atrazine,azimsulfuron, benfuresate, bensulfuron-methyl, bentazon, benthiocarb,benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bifenox, bispyribac-sodium, bromobutide,butachlor, cafenstrole, carfentrazone-ethyl, chlodinafop-propyrgyl,chlorimuron, chlorpropham, cinosulfuron, clethodim, clomazone,clomeprop, clopyralid, cloransulam-methyl, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim,cyhalofop-butyl, cumyluron, daimuron, diclosulam, diflufenican,diflufenzopyr, dimepiperate, dimethametryn, diquat, dithiopyr, EK2612,EPTC, esprocarb, ET-751, ethoxysulfuron, ethbenzanid, fenoxaprop,fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl+isoxadifen-ethyl, fentrazamide,flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop, fluazifop-P-butyl,flucetosulfuron, flufenacet, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumetsulam, flumioxazin,flupyrsulfuron, fluoroxypyr, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, glufosinate,glufosinate-P, glyphosate, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxyfop-methyl,haloxyfop-R, haloxyfop-R-methyl, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic,imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, indanofan, ioxynil,ipfencarbazone, isoxaben, MCPA, MCPB, mefenacet, mesosulfuron,mesotrione, metamifop, metazosulfuron, metolachlor, metosulam,metsulfuron, molinate, monosulfuron, MSMA, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin,oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxazichlomefone, oxyfluorfen, paraquat,pendimethalin, penoxsulam, pentoxazone, pethoxamid, picloram,piperophos, pretilachlor, profoxydim, prohexadione-calcium, propachlor,propanil, propisochlor, propyzamide, propyrisulfuron, prosulfuron,pyrabuticarb, pyraclonil, pyrazogyl, pyrazolynate, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl,pyrazoxyfen, pyribenzoxim, pyridate, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl,pyrimisulfan, primisulfuron, pyroxsulam, quinoclamine, quinclorac,quizalofop-P-ethyl, S-3252, sethoxydim, simazine, simetryne,s-metolachlor, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, sulfosate, tefuryltrione,thenylchlor, thiazopyr, thiobencarb, triclopyr, triclopyr-esters andamines, trifluralin, trinexapac-ethyl, tritosulfuron, and other4-amino-6-(substituted phenyl)picolinates and 6-amino-2-(substitutedphenyl)-4-pyrimidinecarboxylates and their salts and esters.

The compounds of the present invention can additionally be employed tocontrol undesirable vegetation in many crops that have been madetolerant to or resistant to them or to other herbicides by geneticmanipulation or by mutation and selection. The herbicidal compounds ofthe present invention can, further, be used in conjunction withglyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, imidazolinones,aryloxyphenoxypropionates or 2,4-D on glyphosate-tolerant,glufosinate-tolerant, dicamba-tolerant, imidazolinone-tolerant,aryloxyphenoxy-propionate tolerant or 2,4-D-tolerant crops. It isgenerally preferred to use the compounds of the invention in combinationwith herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and whichcomplement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at theapplication rate employed. It is further generally preferred to applythe compounds of the invention and other complementary herbicides at thesame time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix.Similarly the herbicidal compounds of the present invention can be usedin conjunction with acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors onacetolactate synthase inhibitor tolerant crops or with 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors on 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvatedioxygenase inhibitor tolerant crops.

The compounds of the present invention can generally be employed incombination with known herbicide safeners, such as benoxacor,benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl), cyometrinil,cyprosulfamide, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate,dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole,fluxofenim, furilazole, harpin proteins, isoxadifen-ethyl,mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, MG 191, MON 4660, naphthalic anhydride(NA), oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, toenhance their selectivity. They can additionally be employed to controlundesirable vegetation in many crops that have been made tolerant to orresistant to them or to other herbicides by genetic manipulation or bymutation and selection. For example, corn, wheat, rice, soybean, sugarbeet, cotton, canola, and other crops that have been made tolerant orresistant to compounds that are acetolactate synthase inhibitors insensitive plants can be treated. Many glyphosate- andglufosinate-tolerant crops can be treated as well, alone or incombination with these herbicides. Some crops have been made tolerant toauxinic herbicides and ACCase herbicides such as2,4-(dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and dicamba andaryloxyphenoxypropionates. These herbicides may be used to treat suchresistant crops or other auxin tolerant crops. Some crops have been madetolerant to 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase inhibiting herbicides,and these herbicides may be used to treat such resistant crops.

While it is possible to utilize the compounds of Formula IA or IBdirectly as herbicides, it is preferable to use them in mixturescontaining an herbicidally effective amount of the compound along withat least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier. Suitableadjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to valuable crops,particularly at the concentrations employed in applying the compositionsfor selective weed control in the presence of crops, and should notreact chemically with the compounds of Formula IA or IB or othercomposition ingredients. Such mixtures can be designed for applicationdirectly to weeds or their locus or can be concentrates or formulationsthat are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants beforeapplication. They can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules,water dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as,for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions orsuspensions. They can also be provided as a pre-mix or tank mixed.

Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers that are useful inpreparing the herbicidal mixtures of the invention are well known tothose skilled in the art. Some of these adjuvants include, but are notlimited to, crop oil concentrate (mineral oil (85%)+emulsifiers (15%));nonylphenol ethoxylate; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammoniumsalt; blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, andanionic surfactant; C₉-C₁₁ alkylpolyglycoside; phosphated alcoholethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (C₁₂-C₁₆) ethoxylate;di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap;nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate; emulsified methylated seedoil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8EO); tallow amineethoxylate (15 EO); PEG(400) dioleate-99.

Liquid carriers that can be employed include water and organic solvents.The organic solvents typically used include, but are not limited to,petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromaticsolvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils such as soybeanoil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconutoil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil,safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; esters of the abovevegetable oils; esters of monoalcohols or dihydric, trihydric, or otherlower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy containing), such as 2-ethyl hexylstearate, n-butyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycoldioleate, di-octyl succinate, di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate andthe like; esters of mono, di and polycarboxylic acids and the like.Specific organic solvents include toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha,crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone,trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butylacetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycolmonomethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, amylalcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine,N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide,liquid fertilizers and the like. Water is generally the carrier ofchoice for the dilution of concentrates.

Suitable solid carriers include talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica,attapulgus clay, kaolin clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth,lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cottonseedhulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shellflour, lignin, and the like.

It is usually desirable to incorporate one or more surface-active agentsinto the compositions of the present invention. Such surface-activeagents are advantageously employed in both solid and liquidcompositions, especially those designed to be diluted with carrierbefore application. The surface-active agents can be anionic, cationicor nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents,wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes. Surfactantsconventionally used in the art of formulation and which may also be usedin the present formulations are described, inter alia, in “McCutcheon'sDetergents and Emulsifiers Annual,” MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood,N.J., 1998 and in “Encyclopedia of Surfactants,” Vol. I-III, ChemicalPublishing Co., New York, 1980-81. Typical surface-active agents includesalts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate;alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate;alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-C₁₈ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecylalcohol-C₁₆ ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate;alkylnaphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodiumdibutyl-naphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts,such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such assorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethylammoniumchloride; polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such aspolyethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of ethylene oxide andpropylene oxide; salts of mono and dialkyl phosphate esters; vegetableor seed oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed/canola oil, olive oil, castoroil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseedoil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and thelike; and esters of the above vegetable oils, particularly methylesters.

Oftentimes, some of these materials, such as vegetable or seed oils andtheir esters, can be used interchangeably as an agricultural adjuvant,as a liquid carrier or as a surface active agent.

Other adjuvants commonly used in agricultural compositions includecompatibilizing agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents,neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants,spreading agents, penetration aids, sticking agents, dispersing agents,thickening agents, freezing point depressants, antimicrobial agents, andthe like. The compositions may also contain other compatible components,for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides,insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizersor solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, ureaand the like.

The concentration of the active ingredients in the herbicidalcompositions of this invention is generally from about 0.001 to about 98percent by weight. Concentrations from about 0.01 to about 90 percent byweight are often employed. In compositions designed to be employed asconcentrates, the active ingredient is generally present in aconcentration from about 5 to about 98 weight percent, preferably about10 to about 90 weight percent. Such compositions are typically dilutedwith an inert carrier, such as water, before application. The dilutedcompositions usually applied to weeds or the locus of weeds generallycontain about 0.0001 to about 1 weight percent active ingredient andpreferably contain about 0.001 to about 0.05 weight percent.

The present compositions can be applied to weeds or their locus by theuse of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, and granuleapplicators, by addition to irrigation water or paddy flood water, andby other conventional means known to those skilled in the art.

The following Examples are presented to illustrate the various aspectsof this invention and should not be construed as limitations to theclaims.

EXAMPLES

General: Microwave heating was carried out using a Biotage Initiator™microwave reactor. The microwave reactions were conducted in closedreaction vessels with magnetic stirring and with the temperaturecontrolled via infrared (IR) detection.

Example 1 Preparation of benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound 1)

To a solution of4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid (prepared by the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,849 B2;100 milligrams (mg), 0.29 millimoles (mmol)) in tetrahydrofuran (THF; 1milliliter (mL)) was added carbonyl diimidazole (51 mg, 0.32 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes (min)when carbon dioxide (CO₂) evolution ceased. Benzyl alcohol (62 mg, 0.58mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated in a benchtopmicrowave at 90° C. for 20 min. The reaction mixture was purified bysilica gel chromatography (applied directly to an Isco 40 gram (g)RediSep® column eluting with 0-100% diethyl ether (Et₂O) in hexanes) toyield a white solid (147 mg, 78%): mp 132-133° C., ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.50-7.33 (m, 6H), 7.29 (dd, J=8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s,2H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 439 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 2 Preparation of 4-chlorobenzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound 2)

A suspension of4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid (150 mg, 0.43 mmol), 1-(bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene (159 mg, 0.86mmol), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃; 118 mg, 0.86 mmol) and sodium iodide(NaI; 6 mg, 0.04 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 1 mL) was heatedin a benchtop microwave at 100° C. for 5 min. The reaction mixture wasthen diluted with Et₂O, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate(Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silicagel chromatography (eluting with a 0-70% ethyl acetate (EtOAc)/hexanesgradient) to yield a white solid (148 mg, 73%): mp 143° C.; ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.50-7.42 (m, 5H), 7.28 (dd, J=8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.08(s, 2H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 3.93 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 475 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 3-16 in Table 1 were synthesized as in Example 2.

Example 3 Preparation of 2,4-dichlorobenzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate(Compound 17)

4-Amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinic acid(prepared by the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,849 B2; 828mg, 2.5 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (4 mL). Sodium hydride (NaH, 60%disperson in mineral oil; 154 mg, 3.85 mmol) was added portion wise. Tothe mixture was added 2,4-dichloro-1-(chloromethyl)benzene (586 mg, 3.0mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 24 hours (h). Waterwas added to the reaction mixture, and the aqueous phase was extractedwith EtOAc (×3). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine,dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification by normalphase chromatography gave a white solid (440 mg, 35%): mp 165-168° C.,¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68 (dd, J=8.6, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.3Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=1.8Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 3.97 (d,J=0.8 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 489 ([M−H]).

Compounds 18 and 19 in Table 1 were synthesized as in Example 3.

Example 4 Preparation of 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound 20)

A suspension of4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid (200 mg, 0.573 mmol), 1-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzene(161 mg, 0.630 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (119 mg, 0.859 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) washeated at 50° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was then concentratedin vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (elutingwith 0-80% EtOAc/hexane gradient) to yield a white solid (154 mg,51.4%): mp 155-156° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.60 (d, J=8.7 Hz,2H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (dd,J=8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 2H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 3.95-3.90 (m, 3H); ESIMSm/z 523 ([M+H]⁻), 521 ([M−H]⁻).

Compounds 21-34 in Table 1 were synthesized as in Example 4.

Example 5 Preparation of benzyl6-amino-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-vinylpyrimidine-4-carboxylate(Compound 35)

6-Amino-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-vinylpyrimidine-4-carboxylicacid (prepared by the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,786,044 B2;0.150 g, 0.463 mmol), (bromomethyl)benzene (0.103 g, 0.602 mmol), andlithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃; 0.044 g, 0.602 mmol) were combined in DMF(1.5 mL) and heated at 60° C. overnight. The cooled reaction mixture wasconcentrated and then partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organicphase was dried, concentrated and purified by column chromatography(eluting with an EtOAc/hexanes gradient) to yield benzyl6-amino-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-vinylpyrimidine-4-carboxylateas a white solid (0.154 g, 80%): mp 119-121° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 7.67 (dd, J=8.5, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.32 (m, 3H),7.21 (dd, J=8.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (dd, J=17.8, 11.6 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (dd,J=7.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (s, 1H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d,J=0.8 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 414 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 6 Preparation of 4-methoxybenzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate(Compound 36)

To a solution of4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinic acid(600 mg, 1.81 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (475 mg,1.81 mmol), diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.29 mL, 1.81 mmol), and4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (0.34 mL, 2.72 mmol). The reaction mixture wasstirred for 48 h. Additional triphenylphosphine (475 mg, 1.81 mmol) wasadded to the reaction, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h.The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and was purified bysilica gel chromatography (eluting with a 0-100% EtOAc/hexane gradient)to provide an off-white solid (170 mg, 26%): mp 73-83° C.; ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.66 (dd, J=8.6, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.22 (dd,J=8.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.94-6.87 (m, 2H), 5.38 (s,2H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 3.96 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 451([M+H]⁺), 449 ([M−H]⁻).

Compound 37 in Table 1 was synthesized as in Example 6.

Example 7 Preparation of benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)-picolinate (Compound38)

Methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate(Compound C, prepared by the methods described in U.S. Pat. No.7,314,849 B2; 500 mg, 1.4 mmol) was dissolved in benzyl alcohol (10 mL),treated with titanium(IV) isopropoxide (ca 100 μL) and heated at 85-90°C. After 2 h, another portion of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (100 μL) wasadded and heating was continued for another 18 h. The volatiles wereremoved under high vacuum, and the residue was purified by silica gelchromatography (eluting with 5% Et₂O-30% dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂)-65%hexane). The material was further purified by reverse phase highperformance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC; eluting with 70%acetonitrile) to give the title compound (375 mg, 61%): mp 107-108° C.;¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.50-7.26 (m, 8H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 5.42 (s, 2H),4.85 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 437 ([M+H]⁺).

Compound 39 in Table 1 was synthesized as in Example 7.

Example 8 Preparation of benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound 40)

Step A. Methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound H).2-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane(510 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.0 equivalent (equiv)) and methyl4-amino-3,6-dichloro-5-fluoropicolinate (prepared by the methodsdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,137 B2; 400 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv)were sequentially added to a 5 mL Biotage microwave vessel, followed bycesium fluoride (CsF; 510 mg, 3.3 mmol, 2.0 equiv), palladium(II)acetate (19 mg, 0.084 mmol, 0.05 equiv), and sodium3,3′,3″-phosphinetriyltribenzenesulfonate (95 mg, 0.17 mmol, 0.10equiv). A 3:1 mixture of water-acetonitrile (3.2 mL) was added and theresulting brown mixture was heated in a benchtop microwave at 150° C.for 5 min. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with water (150 mL)and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×50 mL). The combined organic extracts weredried with magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), gravity filtered, and concentratedby rotary evaporation. The residue was purified by reverse phase columnchromatography (eluting with a 5% acetonitrile to 100% acetonitrilegradient) to afford the desired product, methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinateas a tan semisolid (220 mg, 35%): IR (thin film) 3475 (w), 3353 (m),3204 (w), 3001 (w), 2955 (w), 1738 (s), 1711 (s), 1624 (s) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.50 (m, 1H), 7.30 (m, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H),6.16 (dq, J=46, 7 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (br s, 2H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 1.75 (dd,J=23, 7 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 379 ([M+H]⁺).

Step B.4-Amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid. A 2 molar (M) solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH; 580 μL,1.2 mmol, 4.0 equiv) was added to a stirred suspension of methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(110 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in methyl alcohol (1.9 mL) at 23° C. Theresulting homogeneous pale yellow solution was stirred at 23° C. for 20h. The reaction mixture was adjusted to approximately pH=4 via dropwiseaddition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) and concentrated viarotary evaporation. The residue was slurried in water and vacuumfiltered to afford the desired product,4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid as a white powder (55 mg, 50%): IR (thin film) 3319 (m), 3193 (w),2983 (w), 1719 (m), 1629 (s) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.58 (t,J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (br s, 2H), 6.15 (dq, J=44, 7Hz, 1H), 1.71 (dd, J=23, 7 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 365 ([M+H]⁺).

Step C. Benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate.Triethylamine (190 μL, 1.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and benzyl bromide (120 μL,1.0 mmol, 1.5 equiv) were sequentially added to a stirred solution of4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid (0.25 g, 0.69 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (3.4 mL) at 23° C. Theresulting cloudy pale yellow solution was stirred at 23° C. for 18 h.The reaction mixture was diluted with water (150 mL) and extracted withCH₂Cl₂ (3×70 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄),gravity filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The residuewas purified by reverse phase column chromatography (eluting with a 5%acetonitrile to 100% acetonitrile gradient) to afford the desiredproduct, benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinateas a yellow semisolid (160 mg, 52%): IR (thin film) 3485 (m), 3393 (m),3196 (w), 3035 (w), 2983 (w), 1737 (s), 1622 (s) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.23-7.57 (m, 7H), 6.18 (dq, J=45, 6 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (s, 2H),4.94 (br s, 2H), 1.78 (ddd, J=23, 7, 1 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 453 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 9 Preparation of benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound 41)

Step A. Methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound A).2-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane(500 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and methyl4-amino-3,6-dichloro-5-fluoropicolinate (400 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv)were sequentially added to a 5 mL Biotage microwave vessel, followed byCsF (510 mg, 3.3 mmol, 2.0 equiv), palladium(II) acetate (19 mg, 0.084mmol, 0.05 equiv), and sodium 3,3′,3″-phosphinetriyltribenzene-sulfonate(95 mg, 0.17 mmol, 0.10 equiv). A 3:1 mixture of water-acetonitrile (3.2mL) was added, and the resulting brown mixture was heated in a benchtopmicrowave at 150° C. for 5 min. The cooled reaction mixture was dilutedwith water (150 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×50 mL). The combinedorganic extracts were dried (MgSO₄), gravity filtered, and concentratedby rotary evaporation. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (eluting with 33% EtOAc/hexane) to afford the desiredproduct, methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinateas a tan powder (450 mg, 63%): mp 170-172° C.; IR (thin film) 3485 (m),3380 (s), 2951 (w), 1739 (s), 1610 (s) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.20-7.30 (m, 2H), 4.95 (br s, 2H), 4.19 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H),1.43 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 377 ([M+H]⁺).

Step B.4-Amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid. A 2 M solution of aqueous NaOH (900 μL, 1.8 mmol, 4.0 equiv) wasadded to a stirred suspension of methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(170 mg, 0.45 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in methyl alcohol (3.0 mL) at 23° C. Theresulting heterogeneous white mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 4 h. Thereaction mixture was adjusted to approximately pH=4 via dropwiseaddition of concentrated HCl and then concentrated via rotaryevaporation. The residue was slurried in water and vacuum filtered toafford the desired product,4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid as a white powder (140 mg, 88%): mp 163-165° C.; IR (thin film)3486 (m), 3377 (s), 3155 (w), 2981 (w), 2935 (w), 1718 (s), 1614 (s)cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.45 (dd, J=9, 2 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd,J=9, 7 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (br s, 2H), 4.15 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (t, J=7 Hz,3H); ESIMS m/z 363 ([M+H]⁺).

Step C. Benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate.Triethylamine (290 μL, 2.1 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and benzyl bromide (190 μL,1.6 mmol, 1.5 equiv) were sequentially added to a stirred solution of4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid (0.38 g, 1.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (7.0 mL) at 23° C. Theresulting cloudy brown solution was stirred at 23° C. for 18 h. Thereaction mixture was diluted with water (150 mL) and extracted withCH₂Cl₂ (3×70 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄),gravity filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The residuewas purified by RP-HPLC (eluting with a 5% acetonitrile to 100%acetonitrile gradient) to afford the desired product, benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinateas a white powder (230 mg, 49%): mp 122-124° C.; IR (thin film) 3477(s), 3372 (s), 3194 (w), 3036 (w), 2992 (m), 2943 (w), 2900 (w), 1729(s), 1616 (s) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49-7.32 (m, 5H),7.29-7.21 (m, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.91 (br s, 2H), 4.19 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H),1.43 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 453 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 10 Preparation of benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate (Compound42)

Step A. Ethyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate.4-Cyclopropylphenylboronic acid (250 mg, 1.5 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and methyl4-amino-3,6-dichloro-5-fluoropicolinate (300 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv)were sequentially added to a 5 mL Biotage microwave vessel, followed byCsF (380 mg, 2.5 mmol, 2.0 equiv), palladium(II) acetate (14 mg, 0.063mmol, 0.05 equiv), and sodium 3,3′,3″-phosphinetriyl-tribenzenesulfonate(71 mg, 0.13 mmol, 0.10 equiv). A 3:1 mixture of water-acetonitrile (2.5mL) was added, and the resulting brown mixture was heated in a benchtopmicrowave at 150° C. for 5 min. The cooled reaction mixture was dilutedwith water (150 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×50 mL). The combinedorganic extracts were dried (MgSO₄), gravity filtered, and concentratedby rotary evaporation. The residue was purified by RP-HPLC (eluting witha 5% acetonitrile to 100% acetonitrile gradient) to afford the desiredproduct, methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate as a whitepowder (310 mg, 78%): mp 116-119° C.; IR (thin film) 3475 (s), 3357 (s),3089 (w), 3013 (w), 2954 (w), 1724 (m), 1607 (m) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.81 (m, 2H), 7.15 (m, 2H), 4.85 (br s, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 1.94(m, 1H), 1.01 (m, 2H), 0.74 (m, 2H); ESIMS m/z 321 ([M+H]⁺).

Step B. 4-Amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinic acid.A 2 M solution of aqueous NaOH (600 μL, 1.2 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was addedto a stirred suspension of methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate (190 mg,0.59 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in methyl alcohol (3.0 mL) at 23° C. The resultingheterogeneous white mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. The reactionmixture was adjusted to approximately pH=4 via dropwise addition ofconcentrated HCl and then concentrated via rotary evaporation. Theresidue was slurried in water and vacuum filtered to afford the desiredproduct, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinic acidas a white powder (170 mg, 94% yield): mp 147-149° C.; IR (thin film)3463 (s), 3339 (s), 3202 (m), 3084 (w), 3007 (w), 1721 (m), 1630 (s)cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.70 (m, 2H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 6.81 (brs, 2H), 1.96 (m, 1H), 0.99 (m, 2H), 0.71 (m, 2H); ESIMS m/z 307([M+H]⁺).

Step C. Benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate.Triethylamine (220 μL, 1.6 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and benzyl bromide (140 μL,1.2 mmol, 1.5 equiv) were sequentially added to a stirred solution of4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinicacid (0.24 g, 0.78 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (5.2 mL) at 23° C. Theresulting cloudy pale yellow solution was stirred at 23° C. for 72 h.The reaction mixture was diluted with water (150 mL) and extracted withCH₂Cl₂ (3×70 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄),gravity filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The residuewas purified by RP-HPLC (eluting with a 5% acetonitrile to 100%acetonitrile gradient) to afford the desired product, benzyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate as a whitepowder (180 mg, 58%): mp 129-131° C.; IR (thin film) 3389 (s), 3229 (w),3194 (w), 3083 (w), 3068 (w), 3033 (w), 3008 (w), 1737 (s), 1616 (s)cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.83 (m, 2H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.42(m, 3H), 7.15 (m, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.82 (br s, 2H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.01(m, 2H), 0.75 (m, 2H); ESIMS m/z 497 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 11 Preparation of benzyl4-amino-3-bromo-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound 43)

Step A. A mixture of methyl 4,5,6-trichloropicolinate (prepared by themethods described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,137 B2; 25 g, 0.10 moles (mol))and benzyl alcohol (100 g, 0.2 mol) in a 250 mL three-neck round bottomflask was heated under nitrogen at 100° C. Titanium isopropoxide (0.6 g,0.02 mol) was added. After 4 h at 100° C., the nearly colorless solutionwas cooled and transferred to a 250 mL round bottom single neck flask.Excess benzyl alcohol was removed under vacuum to give a nearly whitesolid (31 g, 94%): mp 125-126.5° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.08 (s,1H, pyridine H), 7.42 (m, 2H, phenyl), 7.31 (m, 3H, phenyl), 5.40 (s,2H, CH₂Ph); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 162.0 (CO₂R), 150.4, 145.0,144.9, 134.7, 133.1, 128.3 (phenyl CH), 125.4 (pyridine CH), 67.88(CH₂Ph).

Step B. A 250 mL three-neck flask equipped with a reflux condenser andnitrogen (N₂) inlet was charged with benzyl 4,5,6-trichloropicolinate(17.77 g, 56.10 mmol),2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborinane (19.20 g, 79.0mmol) and CsF (17.04 g, 112.0 mmol). Acetonitrile (100 mL) and water (30mL) were added. The reaction mixture was evacuated/backfilled with N₂(5×). Solid dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂;1.724 g, 2.456 mmol) was added. The solution was evacuated/backfilledwith N₂ (5×) and then stirred at reflux for 90 min. A white solidprecipitated upon cooling to room temperature. The solid was filtered,washed with water and dried in air (18.66 g, 75%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 8.23 (s, 1H, pyridine H), 7.52-7.32 (m, 5H, phenyl), 7.27 (dd,J_(H-H)=8.4 Hz, J_(F-H)=1.7 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.10 (dd, J_(H-H)=8.4 Hz,J_(F-H)=6.8 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 5.44 (s, 2H, CH₂Ph), 3.98 (d, J_(F-H)=1.3Hz, 3H, OMe); ¹³C {¹H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 163.0, 153.7, 153.5 (d,J_(F-C)=253 Hz, C2′), 146.0, 144.5 (d, J_(F-C)=13 Hz), 144.1, 135.0,134.2, 129.9 (d, J_(F-C)=3 Hz), 128.5, 126.1, 125.8 (d, J_(F-C)=14 Hz),125.3 (d, J_(F-C) ³ Hz), 124.9 (d, J_(F-C)=2 Hz), 67.9 (CH₂), 61.5 (d,J_(F-C)=4 Hz, OMe). Anal. Calcd for C₂₀H₁₃Cl₃FNO₃: C, 54.51; H, 2.97; N,3.18. Found: C, 54.60; H, 3.08; N, 3.16.

Step C. A 250 mL three-neck flask was equipped with a distillation head,a N₂ inlet, a mechanical stirrer and a thermocouple. The flask wascharged with CsF (21.07 g, 139.0 mmol). Anhydrous DMSO (100 mL) wasadded, and the suspension was evacuated/backfilled (5×) with N₂. Thesuspension was heated at 80° C. for 30 min. DMSO (30 mL) was distilledoff under vacuum to remove any residual water. Solid benzyl4,5-dichloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate (15.34 g,34.8 mmol) was added, and the solution was evacuated/backfilled with N₂(5×). The reaction mixture was heated to 105° C. under N₂. After 6 h at105° C., analysis of an aliquot by GC showed no peak for the monofluorointermediate. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to roomtemperature. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water (400 g) andwas extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL). The combined organic extracts werewashed with saturated (satd) NaHCO₃ solution, water (5×100 mL) andbrine. The extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reducedpressure to give a tan solid (12.97 g). The solid was purified by flashchromatography (330 g silica column; 0-20% EtOAc-gradient) to give awhite solid (9.95 g; 70%): mp 114-116° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.01 (dd, J_(F-H)=9.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H, Pyridine H), 7.53-7.20 (m, 7H,phenyl), 5.44 (s, 2H, CH₂Ph), 3.99 (d, J_(F-H)=1.2 Hz, 3H, OMe); ¹³C NMR(101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 162.8 (d, J_(F-C)=3 Hz, CO₂Bn), 156.2 (dd,J_(F-C)=267, 12 Hz), 153.9 (d, J_(F-C)=255 Hz), 148.0 (dd, J_(F-C)=269,11 Hz), 145.4 (t, J_(F-C)=7 Hz), 144.7 (d, J_(F-C)=13 Hz), 144.6 (dd,J_(F-C)=13, 2 Hz), 135.2 (s), 130.6 (d, J_(F-C)=3 Hz), 125.6 (d, J_(F-C)4 Hz), 125.4 (d, J_(F-C)=2 Hz), 122.0 (d, J_(F-C)=14 Hz), 115.0 (d,J_(F-C)=16 Hz), 67.9 (s, CH₂Ph), 61.6 (d, J_(F-C)=5 Hz, OMe); ¹⁹F{¹H}NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ−123.90 (d, J_(F-F) 19.7 Hz, F4), −128.37 (d,J_(F-F)=33.5 Hz, F2′), −139.64 (dd, J_(F-F)=33.5, 19.7 Hz, F5). Anal.Calcd for C₂₀H₁₃ClF₃NO₃: C, 58.91; H, 3.21; N, 3.43. Found: C, 59.03; H,3.20; N, 3.39.

Step D. Benzyl4,5-difluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate (4.99 g,12.2 mmol) was slurried in DMSO (100 mL). Ammonia was bubbled throughthe solution for 30 min. After stirring overnight, the reaction mixturewas poured into ice-water (500 mL). The product was extracted into EtOAc(3×150 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (5×100mL) and brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure togive a white solid (4.99 g, 101%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.52 (d,J_(F-H)=6.5 Hz, 1H, pyridine H3), 7.45-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.17 (m, 5H),5.38 (s, 2H, CH₂Ph), 4.67 (br s, 2H, NH₂), 3.94 (d, J_(F-H)=1.1 Hz, 3H,OMe); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 164.4 (CO₂R), 153.9 (d, J_(F-C)=254Hz), 147.6 (d, J_(F-C)=256 Hz), 144.4 (d, J_(F-C) 14 Hz), 144.0 (d,J_(F-C)=5 Hz), 142.2 (d, J_(F-C)=12 Hz), 140.4 (d, J_(F-C)=15 Hz), 135.6(s), 129.5 (d, J_(F-C)=3 Hz), 128.5 (CH), 128.3 (CH), 128.3 (CH), 125.6(d, J_(F-C)=3 Hz, CH), 125.2 (d, J_(F-C)=4 Hz, CH), 123.3 (dd,J_(F-C)=14, 4 Hz), 113.1 (d, J_(F-C)=4 Hz, C3), 67.3 (s, CH₂Ph), 61.5(d, J_(F-C)=4 Hz, OMe); ¹⁹F{¹H} NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ−128.54 (dd,J=30.7, 5.2 Hz, F2′), −141.84 (dd, J=30.8, 6.5 Hz, F5). HRMS-ESI(m/z)[M]⁺ calcd for C₂₀H₁₅ClF₂N₂O₃, 404.0739; found, 404.0757.

Step E. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS; 580 mg, 3.3 mmol, 1.1 equiv) was addedto a stirred suspension of benzyl4-amino-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-picolinate (1.2g, 3.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (15 mL) at 23° C. Theresulting bright yellow mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 72 h. Thebrown reaction mixture was concentrated by N₂ stream and the residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting with 29%EtOAc/hexane) to afford the desired product, benzyl4-amino-3-bromo-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinateas a tan powder (1.3 g, 93%): mp 144-146° C.; IR (thin film) 3370 (s),3225 (w), 3190 (w), 3093 (w), 3066 (w), 3037 (w), 2948 (w), 1731 (s),1616 (s) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.47 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.33 (m,3H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 4.98 (br s, 2H), 3.96 (d, J=1 Hz,3H); ESIMS m/z 485 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 12 Preparation of (E)-benzyl4-amino-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2-chlorovinyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound 44)

Step A. Tributyltin hydride (2.0 mL, 7.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) andethynyltrimethylsilane (2.1 mL, 15 mmol, 2.0 equiv) were combined,2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN; 60 mg, 0.36 mmol, 0.05 equiv)was added, and the resulting colorless neat solution was heated to 80°C. Upon heating, an exothermed to −110° C. was observed. The reactionmixture was cooled back to 80° C. and stirred for 20 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to 23° C. to afford the crude desired product,(E)-trimethyl(2-(tributylstannyl)vinyl)silane, as a pale yellow oil (2.8g, 99% crude yield): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.96 (d, J=22.5 Hz, 1H),6.60 (d, J=22.5 Hz, 1H), 1.54-1.44 (m, 6H), 1.35-1.23 (m, 6H), 0.91-0.82(m, 15H), 0.03 (s, 9H).

Step B. (E)-Trimethyl(2-(tributylstannyl)vinyl)silane (1.1 g, 2.7 mmol,1.1 equiv) was added to a stirred mixture of benzyl4-amino-3-bromo-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate(Compound 43; 1.2 g, 2.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv) andtetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (290 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.10 equiv)in DMF (8.3 mL) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C.,resulting in a homogeneous dark yellow solution, and the reactionmixture was stirred for 20 h. The cooled reaction mixture was dilutedwith water (400 mL) and extracted with Et₂O (4×100 mL). The organiclayer was dried (MgSO₄), gravity filtered, and concentrated by rotaryevaporation. The residue was purified by reverse phase columnchromatography (5% acetonitrile to 100% acetonitrile gradient) to affordthe desired product, (E)-benzyl4-amino-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-3-(2-(trimethylsilyl)vinyl)picolinate,as a light brown oil (460 mg, 38%): IR (thin film) 3483 (w), 3376 (m),3206 (w), 3069 (w), 2955 (s), 2897 (w), 1732 (s), 1619 (s) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44-7.27 (m, 7H), 6.94 (d, J=20 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (d,J=20 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.62 (br s, 2H), 3.95 (d, J=1 Hz, 3H), 0.09(s, 9H); ESIMS m/z 503 ([M+H]⁺).

Step C. N-Chlorosuccinimide (NCS; 190 mg, 1.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was addedto a stirred solution of (E)-benzyl4-amino-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-3-(2-(trimethylsilyl)vinyl)picolinate(350 mg, 0.70 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (7.0 mL) at 23° C. The homogeneouspale green solution was heated to 50° C. and stirred for 24 h. Thecooled reaction mixture was diluted with water (400 mL) and extractedwith Et₂O (4×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄),gravity filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The residuewas purified by reverse phase column chromatography (5% acetonitrile to100% acetonitrile gradient) to afford the desired product, (E)-benzyl4-amino-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-chlorovinyl)-5-fluoropicolinateas a tan powder (70 mg, 22% yield): mp 133-135° C.; IR (thin film) 3486(s), 3345 (s), 3215 (w), 3069 (w), 3037 (w), 2953 (w), 1719 (s), 1616(s) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.47-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.33 (m,3H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=14 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=14 Hz, 1H), 5.37(s, 2H), 4.62 (br s, 2H), 3.97 (d, J=1 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 465 ([M+H]⁺).

TABLE 1 Structures of Compounds in Examples Compound Number Structure  3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

19

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

37

39

TABLE 2 Analytical Data for Compounds in Table 1 Compound mp ESIMS ¹HNMR (field strength, Other NMR Number Appearance (° C.) m/z solvent)Data 3 White Solid 139 453 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ([M + H]⁺) 7.45 (dd, J =8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.1 Hz,1H), 7.20 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 3.92 (d, J =0.8 Hz, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H) 4 White Solid 151 464 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ([M + H]⁺) 7.92-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J =8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 2H), 5.48 (s,2H), 3.93 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 3H) 5 White Solid 183- 469 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ 184 ([M + H]⁺), 7.43 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 467 7.29-7.12 (m, 4H), 6.88([M − H]⁻) (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.59 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H),3.71 (s, 3H) 6 White Solid 118- 507 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 119 ([M + H]⁺),7.79 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 505 7.68 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), ([M − H]⁻) 7.47(dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H),5.49 (s, 2H), 3.93 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 3H) 7 Yellow Solid 170- 449 (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 175 ([M + H]⁺), 8.03-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.70- 447 7.59 (m, 2H), 7.51(dd, ([M − H]⁻) J = 10.6, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.6 Hz, 2H),5.63 (s, 2H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 3.96 (d, J = 0.8 Hz, 3H) 8 White Solid 135453 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ([M + H]⁺), 7.50-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.33- 451 7.18(m, 4H), 7.13 (s, ([M − H]⁻) 2H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 0.7 Hz,3H), 2.35 (s, 3H) 9 White Solid 183- 474 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 184 ([M +H]⁺), 7.62 (dd, J = 7.0, 2.3 Hz, 472 1H), 7.57-7.37 (m, 4H), ([M − H]⁻)7.30 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 2H), 5.45 (s, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H)10 White Solid 135- 469 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 136 ([M + H]⁺) 7.46 (dd, J= 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.29 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H),7.11 (s, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (td, J = 7.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H),5.34 (s, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 0.5 Hz, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H) 11 White Solid 150453 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ([M + H]⁺), 7.46 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 451 1H),7.32-7.21 (m, 4H), ([M − H]⁻) 7.17 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 2H),5.34 (s, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H) 12 White Solid 147-474 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 148 ([M + H]⁺), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.39 472 (m,4H), 7.30 (dd, J = ([M − H]⁻) 8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 5.40 (s,2H), 3.93 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 3H) 13 White Solid 164- 469 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ 165 ([M + H]⁺), 7.47 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 467 1H), 7.36-7.25 (m, 2H),([M − H]⁻) 7.14 (s, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.96-6.88 (m, 1H),5.35 (s, 2H), 3.93 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H) 14 Colorless Oil453 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ¹⁹F NMR (376 ([M + H]⁺), 7.50-7.43 (m, 3H),7.41- MHz, DMSO- 451 7.35 (m, 2H), 7.35- d₆) δ −129.03 ([M − H]⁻) 7.26(m, 2H), 7.07 (s, (d, J = 28.1 2H), 6.08 (q, J = 6.5 Hz, Hz), −137.771H), 3.93 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, (d, J = 28.1 3H), 1.61 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, Hz) 3H)15 White Solid 84-85 453 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ([M + H]⁺), 7.47 (dd, J =8.5, 1.6 Hz, 451 1H), 7.36-7.18 (m, 6H), ([M − H]⁻) 7.05 (s, 2H), 4.53(t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 3H), 3.02 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H)16 White Solid 182 498 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ([M + H]⁺), 8.02-7.95 (m,2H), 7.59 496 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.46 ([M − H]⁻) (dd, J = 8.5, 1.6 Hz,1H), 7.30 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 5.47 (s, 2H), 3.93(d, J = 1.0 Hz, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H) 18 White Solid 100- 457 (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 108 ([M + H]⁺), 7.64 (dd, J = 8.6, 7.8 Hz, 455 1H), 7.44-7.32(m, 4H), ([M − H]⁻) 7.22 (dd, J = 8.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 1.6 Hz,1H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 3.96 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 3H) 19 White Solid110- 435 (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 113 ([M + H]⁺), 7.71 (dd, J = 8.6, 7.8 Hz,433 1H), 7.49 (dd, J = 5.4, ([M − H]⁻) 3.4 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.34 (m, 2H),7.33-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 1.6 Hz,1H), 6.21 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 3.97 (d, J = 0.8 Hz, 3H),1.72 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H) 21 White Solid 207- 484 (400 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ208 ([M + H]⁺), 8.33-8.25 (m, 2H), 7.85- 482 7.77 (m, 2H), 7.40 ([M −H]⁻) (ddd, J = 15.3, 8.5, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 3.99(d, J = 1.1 Hz, 3H) 22 White Solid 107- 485 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 108 ([M− H]⁻) 7.48 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (s, 4H), 7.27 (dd, J = 8.5,7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 4.52 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (d, J = 0.8Hz, 3H), 3.01 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) 23 White Solid 160- 457 (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 161 ([M + H]⁺), 7.50-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.34- 455 7.26 (m, 3H),7.20 (s, ([M − H]⁻) 1H), 7.14 (s, 2H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 0.6Hz, 3H) 24 White Solid 143- 457 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 144 ([M + H]⁺)7.55-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.20 (m, 3H),7.13 (s, 2H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H) 25 White Solid 169 457 (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ([M + H]⁺), 7.57 (dt, J = 9.4, 4.7 Hz, 455 1H), 7.45(ddd, J = 9.4, ([M − H]⁻) 4.6, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (ddd, J = 15.6, 7.3,2.8 Hz, 3H), 7.13 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 0.5 Hz, 3H) 26White Solid 133- 507 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 134 ([M + H]⁺), 7.84-7.69 (m,3H), 7.61 505 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.48 ([M − H]⁻) (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz,1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 5.53 (s, 2H), 3.92(d, J = 0.6 Hz, 3H) 27 White Solid 75-76 481 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ([M +H]⁺), 7.46 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 479 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, ([M −H]⁻) 2H), 7.32-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.12 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 3.92 (d, J =0.7 Hz, 3H), 2.88 (dt, J = 13.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.19 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 6H)28 White Solid 142- 489 (400 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 143 ([M + H]⁺), 8.06 (s,1H), 8.00-7.90 487 (m, 3H), 7.65 (dd, J = ([M − H]⁻) 8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H),7.59- 7.51 (m, 2H), 7.40 (ddd, J = 15.3, 8.5, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 6.49 (s, 2H),5.61 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 3H) 29 White Solid 144- 497 (400 MHz,acetone-d₆) δ 145 ([M + H]⁺), 8.19 (dd, J = 1.7, 1.2 Hz, 495 1H), 8.01(dt, J = 7.8, 1.4 ([M − H]⁻) Hz, 1H), 7.79 (ddd, J = 7.7, 1.7, 1.2 Hz,1H), 7.58 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd,J = 8.5, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (s, 2H), 5.53 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J = 1.1 Hz,3H), 3.90 (s, 3H) 30 White Solid 167- 485 (400 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 168([M − H]⁻) 7.51 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H),7.37-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.26 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (s, 2H), 5.43(s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 3H) 31 White Solid 145 485 (400 MHz,acetone-d₆) δ ([M + H]⁺), 7.50-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.33 483 (ddd, J = 8.4,7.9, 4.4 Hz, ([M − H]⁻) 3H), 6.48 (s, 2H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J =1.1 Hz, 3H) 32 Colorless 161 497 (400 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ Solid ([M +H]⁺), 8.02 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.3 Hz, 495 1H), 7.78 (dd, J = 7.8, ([M − H]⁻)0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (td, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54- 7.35 (m, 3H), 6.50(s, 1H), 5.82 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H) 33 WhiteSolid 145- 417 (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ¹⁹F NMR (376 147 ([M + H]⁺) 7.65-7.15(m, 9H), 5.45 MHz, CDCl₃) (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 2H), 5.40 δ −129.38 (s) (s,2H), 3.99 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 3H), 3.81 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H) 34 Clear Oil 431(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ¹⁹F NMR (376 ([M + H]⁺) 7.59 (dd, J = 8.6, 7.5 Hz,MHz, CDCl₃) 1H), 7.35-7.15 (m, 6H), δ −129.46 (s) 5.63 (s, 2H), 4.63(td, J= 7.0, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H),3.15-3.07 (m, 2H) 37 Yellow Oil 435 (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ([M + H]⁺), 7.67(dd, J = 8.6, 7.9 Hz, 433 1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 15.8, ([M − H]⁻) 3.6 Hz,4H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.19 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 4.62 (t,J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 3H), 3.12 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) 39White 90- 421 (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ Crystals 91.5 ([M + H]⁺), 7.73-7.11 (m,9H), 5.45 (s, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 3.97 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 3H)

Example 13 Evaluation of General Postemergence Herbicidal Activity

Seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in SunGro Metro-Mix® 360 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic potswith a surface area of 84.6 square centimeters (cm²). When required toensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/orother chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grownfor 7-31 days (d) in a greenhouse with an approximate 15 hour (h)photoperiod which was maintained at about 23-29° C. during the day and22-28° C. during the night. Nutrients and water were added on a regularbasis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing whenthey reached the first or second true leaf stage.

Treatments consisted of esters of compounds 33 and 39 and F and G.Compound F is methyl6-amino-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-methoxypyrimidine-4-carboxylate;and compound G is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate. Aweighed amount, determined by the highest rate to be tested, of eachtest compound was placed in a 25 mL glass vial and was dissolved in 4 mLof a 97:3 v/v (volume/volume) mixture of acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) to obtain concentrated stock solutions. If the test compound didnot dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. Theconcentrated stock solutions obtained were diluted with 20 mL of anaqueous mixture containing acetone, water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO,Atplus 411F crop oil concentrate, and Triton® X-155 surfactant in a48.5:39:10:1.5:1.0:0.02 v/v ratio to obtain spray solutions containingthe highest application rates. Additional application rates wereobtained by serial dilution of 12 mL of the high rate solution into asolution containing 2 mL of a 97:3 v/v (volume/volume) mixture ofacetone and DMSO and 10 mL of an aqueous mixture containing acetone,water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Atplus 411F crop oil concentrate, andTriton® X-155 surfactant in a 48.5:39:10:1.5:1.0:0.02 v/v ratio toobtain 1/2×, 1/4×, 1/8× and 1/16× rates of the high rate. Compoundrequirements are based upon a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187liters per hectare (L/ha). Formulated compounds were applied to theplant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002Enozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503square meters (m²) at a spray height of 18 inches (43 cm) above theaverage plant canopy height. Control plants were sprayed in the samemanner with the solvent blank.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse asdescribed above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of thetest compounds. After 14 d, the condition of the test plants as comparedwith that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored ona scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100corresponds to complete kill.

Some of the compounds tested, application rates employed, plant speciestested, and results are given in Tables 3 and 4.

TABLE 3 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Post-emergent Applicationsat Various Rates (14 Days After Application (DAA)) Application VisualCompound Rate Injury (%) Number (g ai/ha) IPOHE G 35 65 G 17.5 50 G 8.7540 39 35 80 39 17.5 75 39 8.75 70

TABLE 4 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Post-emergent Applications(70 g ai/ha and 14 DAA) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ORYSA TRZASIPOHE VIOTR STEME F 75 70 80 80 90 33 30 45 100 100 100 IPOHE = Ipomoeahederacea (Morningglory, ivyleaf) ORYSA = Oryza sativa (Rice) STEME =Stellaria media (Chickweed, common) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (Wheat,spring) VIOTR = Viola tricolor (Pansy, wild) g ai/ha = grams activeingredient per hectare DAA = days after application

Example 14 Evaluation of Postemergence Herbicidal Activity in CerealCrops

Seeds of the desired test plant species were planted in Sun GroMetro-Mix® 360 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic pots witha surface area of 84.6 cm². When required to ensure good germination andhealthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physicaltreatment was applied. The plants were grown for 7-36 d in a greenhousewith an approximate 14 h photoperiod which was maintained at about 18°C. during the day and 17° C. during the night. Nutrients and water wereadded on a regular basis and supplemental lighting was provided withoverhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants wereemployed for testing when they reached the second or third true leafstage.

Treatments consisted of esters of compounds 33, 34, 39, 40 and 42 and B,F, G and H. Compound B is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate; compound Fis methyl6-amino-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-methoxypyrimidine-4-carboxylate;compound G is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate; andcompound H is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(1-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate.A weighed amount, determined by the highest rate to be tested, of eachtest compound was placed in a 25 mL glass vial and was dissolved in 8 mLof a 97:3 v/v mixture of acetone and DMSO to obtain concentrated stocksolutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixturewas warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions obtainedwere diluted with 16 mL of an aqueous mixture containing acetone, water,isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Agri-dex crop oil concentrate, and Triton® X-77surfactant in a 64.7:26.0:6.7:2.0:0.7:0.01 v/v ratio to obtain spraysolutions containing the highest application rates. Additionalapplication rates were obtained by serial dilution of 12 mL of the highrate solution into a solution containing 4 mL of a 97:3 v/v mixture ofacetone and DMSO and 8 mL of an aqueous mixture containing acetone,water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Agri-dex crop oil concentrate, andTriton® X-77 surfactant in a 48.5:39.0:10.0:1.5:1.0:0.02 v/v ratio toobtain 1/2×, 1/4×, 1/8× and 1/16× rates of the high rate. Compoundrequirements are based upon a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187L/ha. Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with anoverhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated todeliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 m² at a spray heightof 18 inches (43 cm) above average plant canopy height. Control plantswere sprayed in the same manner with the blank.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse asdescribed above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of thetest compounds. After 20-22 d, the condition of the test plants ascompared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually andscored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injuryand 100 corresponds to complete kill.

Some of the compounds tested, application rates employed, plant speciestested, and results are given in Tables 5-10.

TABLE 5 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Wheat Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number POLCO SINAR B 62 7042 95 93

TABLE 6 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Wheat Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number SINAR KCHSC SASKRMATCH POLCO G 80 87 80 75 85 39 95 95 90 95 95

TABLE 7 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Wheat Cropping Systems atvarious rates (21 DAA) Application Visual Compound Rate Injury (%)Number (g ae/ha) CIRAR G 17.5 80 G 8.75 70 39 17.5 95 39 8.75 90

TABLE 8 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Wheat Cropping Systems (8.75g ae/ha and 21 DAA) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number SINAR VERPE PESGLH 87 80 0 40 98 95 65

TABLE 9 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Wheat Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number MATCH AVEFA F 10 2033 40 40 34 20 40

TABLE 10 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Wheat Cropping Systems(17.5 g ae/ha and 21 DAA) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number LOLMU SETVIF 60 85 33 80 93 34 70 80 AVEFA = Avena fatua (Oat, wild) CIRAR =Cirsium arvense (Thistle, Canada) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (Kochia) LOLMU= Lolium multiflorum (Ryegrass, Italian) MATCH = Matricaria chamomilla(Mayweed, wild) PESGL = Pennisetum glaucum (Foxtail, yellow) POLCO =Polygonum convolvulus (Buckwheat, wild) SASKR = Salsola kali (Thistle,Russian) SETVI = Setaria viridis (Foxtail, green) SINAR = Brassicasinapis (Mustard, wild) VERPE = Veronica persica (Speedwell, birdseye) gae/ha = grams acid equivalent per hectare DAA = days after application

Example 15 Evaluation of Postemergence Herbicidal Activity in Pastures

Seeds of the desired test plant species were planted in Sun GroMetro-Mix® 360 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic pots witha surface area of 139.7 cm². When required to ensure good germinationand healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical orphysical treatment was applied. The plants were grown with anapproximate 14 h photoperiod which was maintained at about 24° C. duringthe day and 21° C. during the night. Nutrients and water were added on aregular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metalhalide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed fortesting when they reached the four or six true leaf stage, depending onspecies.

Treatments consisted of esters of compounds 39 and G. Compound G ismethyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate.A weighed amount, determined by the highest rate to be tested, of eachtest compound was placed in a 25 mL glass vial and was dissolved in 8 mLof a 97:3 v/v mixture of acetone and DMSO to obtain concentrated stocksolutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixturewas warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions obtainedwere diluted with 16 mL of an aqueous mixture containing acetone, water,isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Agri-dex crop oil concentrate, and Triton® X-77surfactant in a 64.7:26.0:6.7:2.0:0.7:0.01 v/v ratio to obtain spraysolutions containing the highest application rates. Additionalapplication rates were obtained by serial dilution of 12 mL of the highrate solution into a solution containing 4 mL of a 97:3 v/v mixture ofacetone and DMSO and 8 mL of an aqueous mixture containing acetone,water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Agri-dex crop oil concentrate, andTriton® X-77 surfactant in a 48.5:39.0:10.0:1.5:1.0:0.02 v/v ratio toobtain 1/2×, 1/4×, 1/8× and 1/16× rates of the high rate. Compoundrequirements are based upon a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187L/ha. Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with anoverhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated todeliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 m² at a spray heightof 18 inches (43 cm) above average plant canopy height. Control plantswere sprayed in the same manner with the blank.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse asdescribed above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of thetest compounds. After 35 d, the condition of the test plants as comparedwith that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored ona scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100corresponds to complete kill.

Some of the compounds tested, application rates employed, plant speciestested, and results are given in Tables 11 and 12.

TABLE 11 Activity of HerbicidalCompounds in Pasture Cropping Systems atvarious rates (35 DAA) Application Visual Compound Rate Injury (%)Number (g ae/ha) CIRAR G 35 60 G 17.5 40 39 35 95 39 17.5 100

TABLE 12 Activity of HerbicidalCompounds in Pasture Cropping Systems atVarious Rates (35 DAA) Application Visual Compound Rate Injury (%)Number (g ae/ha) SOOSS G 140 50 G 70 30 39 140 100 39 70 85 CIRAR =Cirsium arvense (Thistle, Canada) SOOSS = Solidago L. spec (Goldenrod) gae/ha = g acid equivalent per hectare DAA = days after application

Example 16 Evaluation of Postemergence Foliar-Applied HerbicidalActivity in Direct Seeded Rice

Seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in asoil matrix prepared by mixing a loam soil (43 percent silt, 19 percentclay, and 38 percent sand, with a pH of about 8.1 and an organic mattercontent of about 1.5 percent) and river sand in an 80 to 20 ratio. Thesoil matrix was contained in plastic pots with a surface area of 139.7cm². When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, afungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment wasapplied. The plants were grown for 10-17 d in a greenhouse with anapproximate 14-h photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C. duringthe day and 26° C. during the night. Nutrients and water were added on aregular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metalhalide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed fortesting when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.

Treatments consisted of esters of compounds 1-4, 6-8, 10, 11, 13-16,20-31, 35, 38, 41 and 42 and A-E. Compound A is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate;compound B is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate; compound Cis methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate;compound D is methyl6-amino-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-vinylpyrimidine-4-carboxylate;and compound E is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate.Weighed amounts of technical grade compounds were placed in 25 mL glassvials and dissolved in a volume of 97:3 v/v acetone-DMSO to obtain 12×stock solutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, themixture was warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutionswere added to the spray solutions so that the final acetone and DMSOconcentrations were 16.2% and 0.5%, respectively. Spray solutions werediluted to the appropriate final concentrations with the addition of 10mL of an aqueous mixture of 1.5% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oil concentrate.Generally, multiple concentrations of spray solutions were formulatedand tested utilizing the same stock solution. The final spray solutionscontained 1.25% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oil concentrate. Compoundrequirements are based upon a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187L/ha. Spray solutions were applied to the plant material with anoverhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated todeliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 square meters (m²) ata spray height of 18 inches (43 cm) above average plant canopy height.Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse asdescribed above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of thetest compounds. After 3 weeks, the condition of the test plants,compared with that of the untreated plants, was determined visually andscored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injuryand 100 corresponds to complete kill.

By applying the well-accepted probit analysis as described by J. Berksonin Journal of the American Statistical Society, 48, 565 (1953) and by D.Finney in “Probit Analysis” Cambridge University Press (1952), the datagathered can be used to calculate GR₅₀ and GR₈₀ values, which aredefined as growth reduction factors that correspond to the effectivedose of herbicide required to kill or control 50 percent or 80 percent,respectively, of a target plant.

Some of the application rates and ratios employed, plant species tested,and results are given in Tables 13-18.

TABLE 13 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (17.5g ae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered inmultiple trials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCG ECHCO AESSE SEBEX CYPES  CYPIR SCPJU  A 60 50 0 20 60 80 20 41 95 95 100 99 100 10090

TABLE 14 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (8.75g ae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered inmultiple trials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCO CYPIR B 50 6042 85 100

TABLE 15 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (8.75g ae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered inmultiple trials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCO BRAPP CYPDISCPJU C 84 74 96 90 38 90 90 100 100

TABLE 16 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (8.75g ae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered inmultiple trials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCG ECHCO D 87 7935 95 90

TABLE 17 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (8.75g ae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered inmultiple trials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number CYPDI SCPJU E 89 61 1100 93 8 99 99 25 100 100 26 100 100 10 100 91 11 99 97 23 100 100 13 9580 29 100 100 3 100 99 2 100 100 24 100 100 6 100 100 16 94 85 4 80 8020 100 100 21 100 100 27 100 100 31 100 100 30 99 0 15 100 90 22 100 9028 100 100 7 70 60 14 95 50

TABLE 18 Growth Reduction Calculations for Compounds in Rice CroppingSystems Compound GR₅₀ GR₈₀ GR₉₀ Species Number g ae/ha ECHCG E 3.7 17.138.1 1 <4.38 <4.38 6.1 POLPY E 30.7 >70 >70 1 <8.75 19.7 46.7 BRAPP E<4.38 22.7 84.3 1 <4.38 9.9 26.0 ECHCO E <4.38 14.6 55.6 1 2.4 7.8 14.4AESSE = Aeschynomene sensitive SW./L. (sensitive jointvetch) BRAPP =Brachiaria platyphylla (GRISEB.) NASH (broadleaf signalgrass) CYPDI =Cyperus difformis L. (small-flower flatsedge) CYPES = Cyperus esculentusL. (yellow nutsedge) CYPIR = Cyperus iria L. (rice flatsedge) ECHCG =Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.BEAUV. (barnyardgrass) ECHCO = Echinochloacolonum (L.) LINK (junglerice) POLPY = Polygonum pensylvanicum L.(Pennsylvania smartweed) SCPJU = Scirpus juncoides ROXB. (Japanesebulrush) SEBEX = Sesbania exaltata (RAF.) CORY/RYDB. (hemp sesbania) gae/ha = gram acid equivalent per hectare DAA = days after applicationGR₅₀ = concentration of compound needed to reduce the growth of a plantby 50% relative to untreated plant GR₈₀ = concentration of compoundneeded to reduce the growth of a plant by 80% relative to untreatedplant GR₉₀ = concentration of compound needed to reduce the growth of aplant by 90% relative to untreated plant

Example 17 Evaluation of In-Water Applied Herbicidal Activity inTransplanted Paddy Rice

Weed seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted inpuddled soil (mud) prepared by mixing a non-sterilized mineral soil (28percent silt, 18 percent clay, and 54 percent sand, with a pH of about7.3 to 7.8 and an organic matter content of about 1.0 percent) and waterat a ratio of 100 kilograms (kg) of soil to 19 liters (L) of water. Theprepared mud was dispensed in 250 mL aliquots into 480 mL non-perforatedplastic pots with a surface area of 91.6 cm² leaving a headspace of 3 cmin each pot. Rice seeds were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix 306 plantingmixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic mattercontent of about 30 percent, in plastic plug trays. Seedlings at thesecond or third leaf stage of growth were transplanted into 650 mL ofmud contained in 960 mL non-perforated plastic pots with a surface areaof 91.6 cm² four days prior to herbicide application. The paddy wascreated by filling the 3 cm headspace of the pots with water. Whenrequired to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicidetreatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. Theplants were grown for 4-14 d in a greenhouse with an approximate 14-hphotoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C. during the day and 26°C. during the night. Nutrients were added as Osmocote (17:6:10,Nitrogen:Phosphorus:Potassium (N:P:K)+minor nutrients) at 2 grams (g)per cup. Water was added on a regular basis to maintain the paddy flood,and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing whenthey reached the second or third true leaf stage.

Treatments consisted of esters of compounds 1-4, 6-33, 35-39, 41 and 42and A-G. Compound A is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate;compound B is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate; compound Cis methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate;compound D is methyl6-amino-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-vinylpyrimidine-4-carboxylate;compound E is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropicolinate;compound F is methyl6-amino-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-methoxypyrimidine-4-carboxylate;and compound G is methyl4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate.Weighed amounts of technical grade compounds were placed in individual120 mL glass vials and were dissolved in 20 mL of acetone to obtainconcentrated stock solutions. If the test compound did not dissolvereadily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stocksolutions obtained were diluted with 20 mL of an aqueous mixturecontaining 2.5% Agri-dex crop oil concentrate (v/v). The finalapplication solutions contained 1.25% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oilconcentrate. Generally, multiple concentrations were tested utilizingthe same stock solution. Applications were made by injecting anappropriate amount of the application solution into the aqueous layer ofthe paddy. Control plants were treated in the same manner with thesolvent blank.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse asdescribed above and water was added as needed to maintain a paddy flood.After 3 weeks the condition of the test plants, compared with that ofthe untreated plants, was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds tocomplete kill.

By applying the well-accepted probit analysis as described by J. Berksonin Journal of the American Statistical Society, 48, 565 (1953) and by D.Finney in “Probit Analysis” Cambridge University Press (1952), the datagathered can be used to calculate GR₅₀ and GR₈₀ values, which aredefined as growth reduction factors that correspond to the effectivedose of herbicide required to kill or control 50 percent or 80 percent,respectively, of a target plant.

Some of the compounds tested, application rates employed, plant speciestested, and results are given in Tables 19-28.

TABLE 19 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered in multipletrials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCG SCPJU A 40 60 41 95 100

TABLE 20 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (17.5g ae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered inmultiple trials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCG B 10 42 70

TABLE 21 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered in multipletrials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCG SCPJU F 0 50 33 40 100

TABLE 22 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered in multipletrials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCG SCPJU C 36 83 38 99 100

TABLE 23 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered in multipletrials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCG D 54 35 76

TABLE 24 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered in multipletrials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number FIMMI G 61 39 100 36 100

TABLE 25 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered in multipletrials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number CYPRO G 47 39 80 17 100

TABLE 26 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (35 gae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered in multipletrials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCG G 74 39 100 18 100 17 9819 90 37 98

TABLE 27 Activity of Herbicidal Compounds in Rice Cropping Systems (17.5g ae/ha and 21 DAA; visual injury may represent data gathered inmultiple trials) Compound Visual Injury (%) Number ECHCG SCPJU E 26 75 187 99 8 100 100 9 100 100 25 10 90 26 20 100 10 70 100 32 60 100 11 9799 12 100 100 23 60 95 13 98 98 29 10 60 3 78 99 2 97 99 24 70 100 6 6095 16 90 99 31 50 85 20 50 0 27 10 80 21 10 80 4 95 95 30 50 85 14 10 7015 30 70 22 0 40 28 10 50 7 80 90

TABLE 28 Growth Reduction Calculations for Compounds in Rice CroppingSystems Compound GR₅₀ GR₈₀ GR₉₀ Species Number g ae/ha ECHCG E 33.2 58.578.7 1 10.9 21.8 31.2 SCPJU E 9.6 20.0 29.5 1 <8.75 4.4 10.8 LEFCH E59.9 99.4 130.0 1 50.4 78.6 99.1 FIMMI E 14.4 21.7 26.8 1 <17.5 <17.5<17.5 CYPRO = Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) ECHCG = Echinochloacrus-galli (L.) P.BEAUV. (barnyardgrass) FIMMI = Fimbristylis miliacea(L.) VAHL (globe fringerush) LEFCH = Leptochloa chinensis (L.) NEES(Chinese sprangletop) SCPJU = Scirpus juncoides ROXB. (Japanese bulrush)g ae/ha = gram acid equivalent per hectare DAA = days after applicationGR₅₀ = concentration of compound needed to reduce the growth of a plantby 50% relative to untreated plant GR₈₀ = concentration of compoundneeded to reduce the growth of a plant by 80% relative to untreatedplant GR₉₀ = concentration of compound needed to reduce the growth of aplant by 90% relative to untreated plant

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula IA:

wherein Y represents C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or phenylsubstituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from halogen,C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, cyano, nitro, NR¹R², or where two adjacent substituents aretaken together as —O(CH₂)_(n)O— or —O(CH₂)_(n)— wherein n=1 or 2; Zrepresents halogen, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, or C₂-C₄ alkenyl; R¹ and R²independently represent H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl,hydroxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, amino, or C₁-C₆ acyl; R³ represents unsubstitutedor substituted C₇-C₁₁ arylalkyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1 in which Yrepresents substituted phenyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1 in which Zrepresents Cl, —CH═CH₂ or OCH₃.
 4. The compound of claim 1 in which R¹and R² represent H.
 5. The compound of claim 1 in which R³ represents abenzyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1 in which R³ represents anunsubstituted or ortho-, meta- or para-monosubstituted benzyl.